Development of a musculoskeletal shoulder model considering anatomic joint structures and soft-tissue deformation for dynamic simulation.

The shoulder joint has a high degree of freedom and an extremely complex and unstable kinematic mechanism. Coordinated contraction of the rotator cuff muscles that stop around the humeral head and the deltoid muscles and the extensibility of soft tissues, such as the joint capsule, labrum, and ligaments, contribute to shoulder-joint stability. Understanding the mechanics of shoulder-joint movement, including soft-tissue characteristics, is important for disease prevention and the development of a device for disease treatment. This study aimed to create a musculoskeletal shoulder model to represent the realistic behavior of joint movement and soft-tissue deformation as a dynamic simulation using a rigid-body model for bones and a soft-body model for soft tissues via a spring-damper-mass system. To reproduce the muscle-contraction properties of organisms, we used a muscle-expansion representation and Hill's mechanical muscle model. Shoulder motion, including the movement of the center of rotation in joints, was reproduced, and the strain in the joint capsule during dynamic shoulder movement was quantified. Furthermore, we investigated narrowing of the acromiohumeral distance in several situations to induce tissue damage due to rotator cuff impingement at the anterior-subacromial border during shoulder abduction. Given that the model can analyze exercises under disease conditions, such as muscle and tendon injuries and impingement syndrome, the proposed model is expected to help elucidate disease mechanisms and develop treatment guidelines.

Variation in the origin of the plantar aponeurosis and its relationship to the origin of the abductor hallucis muscle.

The plantar aponeurosis comprises medial, central, and lateral bands, which arise from the calcaneal tuberosity. Descriptions of the origin of the abductor hallucis vary among different textbooks. The central band and abductor hallucis muscles are related to the windlass mechanism. Given the uncertainties regarding the details of the origins of the central band and the abductor hallucis muscle, we examined those origins in 100 feet of 50 cadavers (25 males and 25 females) by dissection. There were three central band patterns, depending on the attachment sites of the origins of the central and lateral bands: Pattern Ia, the central band covers the lateral band completely; Pattern Ib, the central band covers part of the lateral band; Pattern II, the lateral band covers part of the central band. The origin of the abductor hallucis muscle was confirmed. It showed two types of variation: attachment type, originating from the central band; non-attachment type, not originating from the central band. Central band Patterns Ia, Ib, and II were found in 23 feet (17 males, 6 females), 24 feet (25 males, 28 females), and 24 feet (eight males, 16 females), respectively. Pattern Ia predominated in males and Pattern II in females. The attachment and non-attachment types of abductor hallucis muscle were observed in 28 feet (28%) and 72 feet (72%), respectively. The attachment type with Patterns Ia, Ib, and II was shown in 17 feet, 10 feet, and one foot, respectively. Thus, we revealed variation and sex differences in the central band, which could affect foot morphology and the efficacy of the windlass mechanism.

Regional variations and sex-related differences of stiffness in human tracheal ligaments.

PURPOSE: There have been numerous studies focused on the stiffness of tracheal cartilage. However, no research has been conducted specifically on the annular ligament, nor have any regional differences in the annular ligament been identified. The purpose of this study was to investigate the stiffness of the ligaments present between the thyroid, cricoid and tracheal cartilages. METHODS: The ligaments were identified in the cervical region of living subjects with ultrasonography. The stiffness of the ligaments was measured from the body surface using a digital palpation device (MyotonPRO). Since it is impossible to measure the entire trachea in a living subject, an additional measurement was performed on human cadavers. RESULTS: Both in vivo and cadaveric investigations found that the stiffness of annular ligaments decreased gradually from the superior to inferior parts. There was no difference in the stiffness between males and females in the superior part of the trachea. However, the stiffness of the middle and inferior parts was predominantly higher in females than in males. Furthermore, males showed significant differences in stiffness between the superior and middle parts, while females showed no significant differences. CONCLUSION: These results reveal that there are regional and sex-related differences in the stiffness of human tracheal ligaments.

Neglected Sprengel's deformity in an 80-year-old female cadaver: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Sprengel's deformity is a congenital abnormality of the shoulder girdle. Because scapular retraction, such as the Green procedure, is usually performed during childhood to improve esthetics and shoulder function, Sprengel's deformity is rarely found in older patients. CASE PRESENTATION: We presented a unique case of a Japanese female cadaver with Sprengel's deformity at the age of 80 years. Anatomical dissection and radiological imaging revealed musculoskeletal anomalies associated with Sprengel's deformity, including Klippel-Feil syndrome, presence of an omovertebral bone, and absence of the trapezius muscle. In addition, bilateral cervical ribs were in contact with the brachial plexus. These anomalies may lead to numbness, pain, and limited range of motion of the neck and upper girdle with aging. CONCLUSIONS: Because most adult patients with Sprengel's deformity experience neck pain and limited movement of the shoulder, the presented case is a rare case of neglected Sprengel's deformity in an 80-year-old cadaver.

Assessing site-specificity of the biomechanical properties of hamstring aponeuroses using MyotonPRO: A cadaveric study.

BACKGROUND: Hamstring muscles are the most frequently reported sites of muscle strain injuries, especially near the bi-articular muscles' myotendinous junction, where aponeurosis provides a connective tissue network linking muscle fibers to the tendon. This study aimed to investigate the reliability and site-specific differences of hamstring aponeuroses under different conditions (formalin and urea) using MyotonPRO. METHODS: Eight hamstring muscle groups were dissected from four human cadavers (two males and two females) aged 83-93 years. Measurements of the mechanical properties of the aponeuroses from the superficial and deep regions of biceps femoris long head, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus (after formalin solution immersion) were done using MyotonPRO (intra-rater reliability was examined within a 24-h interval), following which the hamstring aponeuroses were measured using a similar procedure after urea solution immersion. FINDINGS: Test-retest (intra-rater) results revealed that the MyotonPRO measurement of tone, stiffness, relaxation, and creep of cadaveric aponeuroses presented good to excellent reliability (ICC: 0.86 to 0.98). There were no significant differences in tone, stiffness, elasticity, relaxation, and creep among the six sites of hamstring aponeuroses under both formalin and urea conditions. Significant differences between formalin and urea conditions were found in the tone, stiffness, relaxation, and creep of hamstring aponeuroses (P < 0.05). INTERPRETATION: These results suggested that the biomechanical properties of hamstring aponeuroses showed homogeneity between the sites using MyotonPRO. Urea solution could potentially neutralize the effect of formalin on the biomechanical properties of cadaveric muscle-aponeurosis-tendon units. The present findings might influence the design of subsequent cadaveric studies on hamstring muscle strains.

A rat model for acute limb ischemia using microsized gelatin beads.

OBJECTIVE: Acute limb ischemia (ALI) is a rapid decrease in lower limb blood flow due to acute occlusion of peripheral arteries or bypass grafts. This study aimed to establish an ALI model using microsized gelatin beads and to investigate the pathophysiological conditions. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized, and a low or high dose of microsized gelatin beads was administered into the left femoral artery on days 0 and 7. A control, that is, normal saline (NS) group in which NS was administered in the left femoral artery, a femoral artery cut (FAC) group in which the left femoral artery was cut, and a sciatic nerve cut (SNC) group in which the left sciatic nerve was cut were prepared. After 21 days, the temperature changes and the muscle weights in the lower limbs were measured. To assess nerve damage, the L1-6 sympathetic ganglia were immunostained with activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) antibody. RESULTS: In the Low-dose, High-dose, and FAC groups, a decrease in temperature was predominantly observed in the left limb. In the High-dose and SNC groups, the weight of the soleus muscle and extensor digitorum longus in the left limb decreased; however, no weight changes were observed in the Low-dose and FAC groups. Conversely, the weight of the gastrocnemius muscle significantly decreased in the Low-dose, High-dose, FAC, and SNC groups. In the High-dose and SNC groups, the number of ATF3-positive cells in the sympathetic ganglia significantly increased, and in the Low-dose, a small number of ATF3-positive cells were observed. However, ATF3-positive cells were rarely observed in the FAC and NS groups. CONCLUSION: We established an ALI rat model using microsized gelatin beads. The results of this study suggest that autonomic neuropathy in ALI is related to both muscle damage and peripheral neuropathy.

Role of endothelial hyaluronan in peritoneal membrane transport and disease conditions during peritoneal dialysis.

Peritoneal membrane dysfunction in peritoneal dialysis (PD) is primarily attributed to angiogenesis; however, the integrity of vascular endothelial cells can affect peritoneal permeability. Hyaluronan, a component of the endothelial glycocalyx, is reportedly involved in preventing proteinuria in the normal glomerulus. One hypothesis suggests that development of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is triggered by protein leakage due to vascular endothelial injury. We therefore investigated the effect of hyaluronan in the glycocalyx on peritoneal permeability and disease conditions. After hyaluronidase-mediated degradation of hyaluronan on the endothelial cells of mice, macromolecules, including albumin and ß2 microglobulin, leaked into the dialysate. However, peritoneal transport of small solute molecules was not affected. Pathologically, hyaluronan expression was diminished; however, expression of vascular endothelial cadherin and heparan sulfate, a core protein of the glycocalyx, was preserved. Hyaluronan expression on endothelial cells was studied using 254 human peritoneal membrane samples. Hyaluronan expression decreased in patients undergoing long-term PD treatment and EPS patients treated with conventional solutions. Furthermore, the extent of hyaluronan loss correlated with the severity of vasculopathy. Hyaluronan on endothelial cells is involved in the peritoneal transport of macromolecules. Treatment strategies that preserve hyaluronan in the glycocalyx could prevent the leakage of macromolecules and subsequent related complications.

Lacrimal Sac, Classified within the Orbital Tissue.

PURPOSE: To disclose that the lacrimal sac is classified within the orbital tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten orbits of 9 Japanese cadavers aged 64 to 85 years at death were included. The attachment site of the orbital septum in the medial canthal area was grossly dissected. The relationship between the orbital septum attachment site and the location of the lacrimal sac was examined. RESULTS: In the upper region, the orbital septum was attached to the most superior area of the lacrimal fossa and the medial canthal tendon. In the lower region, the septum was attached to the anterior lacrimal crest and the medial canthal tendon. In both the upper and lower regions, none of the septa attached to the posterior lacrimal crest. The lacrimal sac was situated behind the orbital septum. CONCLUSION: The lacrimal sac, which is situated behind the orbital septum, is classified within the orbital tissue.

The lacrimal sac, which is situated behind the orbital septum attaching to the anterior lacrimal crest and the medial canthal tendon, is classified within the orbital tissue.

Thickness of the Medial Pretarsal Adipose Tissue in the Upper Eyelid among the Japanese Population.

PURPOSE: To investigate the medial pretarsal adipose tissue thickness of the upper eyelid in the Japanese population. METHODS: Sixty-two whole upper eyelids were harvested from 35 Japanese cadavers and fixed in paraffin. The samples were cut into 5 µm sagittal microsections and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, as well as Masson's trichrome. Data obtained from images and measurements were taken with Aperio ScanScope and ImageScope software and underwent statistical analysis. RESULTS: The samples were divided into 3 shapes sagittal cross-sections of the eyelid (triangular, rectangular, and flat) corresponding to the shape of the medial pretarsal adipose tissue. Type I (triangular shape, 48.4%) had a ratio of fat thickness at 1/2 tarsal height to peak fat thickness of <0.9, and type IIa (rectangular shape, 30.6%) and IIb (flat shape, 21.0%) had pretarsal adipose tissue thickness to tarsal height ratio of ≥0.2 and <0.2, respectively. The mean values of tarsal thickness at 1/2 tarsal height were 1021 µm for the type I group, 1100 µm for the type IIa group, and 764.4 µm for the type IIb group ( p = 0.01). The mean values of fat thickness at 1/2 tarsal height were 410.6 µm for the type I group, 303.3 µm for the type IIa group, and 242.6 µm for the type IIb group ( p = 0.26). CONCLUSIONS: The thickness of the medial pretarsal adipose tissue was different according to the shape of the sagittal cross-section of the eyelid. Awareness of the medial pretarsal adipose tissue thickness contributes to effective suture placement and safe suture depth during blepharoptosis surgery.

Lymphatic venous anastomosis and complex decongestive therapy for lymphoedema: randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Lymphatic venous anastomosis is associated with a low incidence of lower extremity lymphoedema-associated cellulitis; however, the exact relationship is unknown. This multicentre RCT evaluated the effect of lymphatic venous anastomosis on prevention of cellulitis. METHODS: Patients with secondary lower extremity lymphoedema who underwent at least 3 months of non-operative decongestive therapy were assigned randomly to lymphatic venous anastomosis or conservative therapy. The primary and secondary outcomes were cellulitis frequency, and assessments of circumference, hardness, and pain respectively. RESULTS: Overall, 336 patients were divided into two groups: 225 in the full-analysis set (primary outcome 225; secondary outcomes 170) and 156 in the per-protocol set (primary outcome 156; secondary outcomes 110). In both analyses, lymphatic venous anastomosis with non-operative decongestive therapy was more effective in preventing cellulitis than non-operative decongestive therapy alone; the difference between groups in reducing cellulitis frequency over 6 months was -0.35 (95 per cent c.i. -0.62 to -0.09; P = 0.010) in the full-analysis set (FAS) and -0.60 (-0.94 to -0.27; P = 0.001) in the per-protocol set (PPS) Limb circumference and pain were not significantly different, but lymphatic venous anastomosis reduced thigh area hardness (proximal medial and distal and lateral proximal). Four patients experienced contact dermatitis with non-operative decongestive therapy alone. CONCLUSION: Lymphatic venous anastomosis in combination with non-operative decongestive therapy prevents cellulitis. REGISTRATION NUMBER: UMIN00025137, UMIN00031462.

Biomechanical assessment of gastrocnemii and Achilles tendon using MyotonPRO: in vivo measurements, and preliminary in situ measurements using formalin-fixed tissues.

PURPOSE: This study aims to evaluate the reliability and validity of using MyotonPRO to quantify the mechanical properties of the muscle-tendon unit through in vivo measurements and preliminary in situ measurements using formalin-fixed tissues. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The mechanical properties of gastrocnemii and the Achilles tendon of 12 healthy adults (six males and six females, 34.9 ± 5.8 years) were examined for in vivo test twice within a day and once post-24 hours using MyotonPRO, while nine human cadavers (formalin-fixed, 3 males and 6 females, 89.9 ± 5.1 years) were assessed for preliminary in situ test with identical time schedule to evaluate the within-day and inter-day reliability and validity. RESULTS: In vivo tests had very high within-day (ICC: 0.96-0.99) and inter-day reliability (ICC: 0.83-0.96), while in situ tests (formalin-fixed tissues) showed high within-day (ICC: 0.87-0.99) and inter-day reliability (ICC: 0.76-0.98) for the results of tone and stiffness. There was no significant difference in the stiffness of the free part of the Achilles tendon between in vivo and in situ conditions. The stiffness of the lateral gastrocnemius (r = 0.55, p = 0.018), proximal part of the Achilles tendon (r = 0.56, p = 0.015), and free part of the Achilles tendon (r = 0.47, p = 0.048) before removing the skin was significantly correlated with that after removing the skin condition. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the current study suggest that MyotonPRO is reliable and valid for evaluating tendon stiffness both in vivo and in situ (formalin-fixed tissues).

Comparison of the anticancer effects of various statins on canine oral melanoma cells.

Canine oral melanoma is a highly malignant cancer with a poor prognosis. Statins, commonly used drugs for treating dyslipidemia, exhibit pleiotropic anticancer effects and marked anti-proliferative effects against melanoma cells. The anticancer effects among statins vary; in human cancers, lipophilic statins have shown stronger anticancer effects compared with hydrophilic statins. However, data on the differences in the effects of various statins on canine cancer cells are lacking, hence the optimal statins for treating canine melanoma remain unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the most effective statin by comparing the anticancer effects of hydrophilic rosuvastatin and lipophilic atorvastatin, simvastatin, fluvastatin and pitavastatin on three canine oral melanoma cell lines. Time-dependent measurement of cell confluence showed that lipophilic statins had a stronger anti-proliferative effect on all cell lines than hydrophilic rosuvastatin. Quantification of lactate dehydrogenase release, an indicator of cytotoxicity, showed that lipophilic statins more effectively induced cell death than hydrophilic rosuvastatin. Lipophilic statins affected both inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of cell death. The anticancer effects of statins on canine oral melanoma cells differed in the following ascending order of IC50 values: pitavastatin < fluvastatin = simvastatin < atorvastatin < rosuvastatin. The required concentration of pitavastatin was approximately 1/20th that of rosuvastatin. Among the statins used in this study, pitavastatin had the highest anticancer effect. Our results suggest lipophilic pitavastatin as the optimal statin for treating canine oral melanoma.

Pressure Onto the Orbital Walls and Orbital Morphology in Orbital Floor or Medial Wall Fracture: A 3-Dimensional Printer Study.

The purposes of this study were to compare the pressure onto the orbital floor and medial orbital wall between 3-dimensional printer skull models with unilateral orbital floor and medial orbital wall fractures and to compare the morphology of the orbital floor and medial orbital wall between patients with unilateral orbital floor and medial orbital wall fractures. The skull models were created based on computed tomographic (CT) data obtained from every 10 patients with unilateral orbital floor and medial orbital wall fractures. The orbital spaces of these models were filled with silicone, the silicone surface was pushed down, and pressures onto the orbital floor and the medial orbital wall were measured. On preoperative computed tomographic images taken in the same 20 patients, the superior and lateral bulges of the orbital floor and medial orbital wall were measured, respectively. The measurements were done on the unaffected sides. Consequently, the pressure onto the orbital floor was significantly higher in the orbital floor fracture models than in the medial orbital wall fracture models, although the pressure onto the medial orbital wall was not significantly different between the models. As for the morphologic study, the superior bulge of the orbital floor was higher in the orbital floor fracture group than in the medial orbital wall fracture group. The results of this study indicate that since the orbital floor with a high superior bulge receives high hydraulic pressure, patients with a high superior bulge have a greater risk of orbital floor fracture.

Influence of Body Mass on Running-Induced Changes in Mechanical Properties of Plantar Fascia.

ABSTRACT: Shiotani, H, Mizokuchi, T, Yamashita, R, Naito, M, and Kawakami, Y. Influence of body mass on running-induced changes in mechanical properties of plantar fascia. J Strength Cond Res 37(11): e588-e592, 2023-Body mass is a major risk factor for plantar fasciopathy; however, evidence explaining the process between risk factors and injury development is limited. Long-distance running induces transient and site-specific reduction in plantar fascia (PF) stiffness, reflecting mechanical fatigue and microscopic damage within the tissue. As greater mechanical loads can induce greater reduction in tissue stiffness, we hypothesized that the degree of running-induced change in PF stiffness is associated with body mass. Ten long-distance male runners (age: 21 - 23 years, body mass: 55.5 ± 4.2 kg; mean ± SD ) and 10 untrained men (age: 20 - 24 years, body mass: 58.4 ± 5.6 kg) ran for 10 km. Before and immediately after running, the shear wave velocity (SWV) of PF at the proximal site, which is an index of tissue stiffness, was measured using ultrasound shear wave elastography. Although the PF SWV significantly decreased after running in runners (-4.0%, p = 0.010) and untrained men (-21.9%, p < 0.001), runners exhibited smaller changes ( p < 0.001). The relative changes in SWV significantly correlated with body mass in both runners ( r = -0.691, p = 0.027) and untrained individuals ( r = -0.723, p = 0.018). These results indicate that a larger body mass is associated with a greater reduction in PF stiffness. Our findings provide in vivo evidence of the biomechanical basis for body mass as a risk factor for plantar fasciopathy. Furthermore, group differences suggest possible factors that reduce the fatigue responses, such as adaptation enhancing the resilience of PF and running mechanics.

Intimal growth on the luminal surface of arteriovenous grafts in rats.

BACKGROUND: Endothelial cells are known to grow on the luminal surface of arteriovenous grafts (AVGs) used in hemodialysis. Although endothelial cells are important for preventing infection, a detailed growth of endothelial cells in AVGs is unknown. This study sought to create a simpler animal model of AVGs and to investigate how endothelial cells form on the luminal surface. METHODS: Polyethylene grafts were placed between the cervical artery and vein of Wistar rats. The grafts were removed at 6 h, 24 h, 3 days, or 7 days after placement. The luminal surface was observed under optical and polarizing microscopy and stained with endothelial cell markers (LEL, CD31), the progenitor cell marker CD34, and the macrophage marker ED-1. RESULTS: Microscopy demonstrated many diffuse vascular endothelial cells on the luminal surface of AVGs after placement. While there was no difference in the number of LEL-positive cells between the arterial side (AS) and venous side (VS) at 6 h or 7 days, there were significantly more of these cells on the VS at both 24 h and 3 days (p < 0.05). Analysis at 24 h showed some CD31-positive cells and few CD34-positive cells. CONCLUSIONS: This was the first study to use a simple rat model of AVG placement. Endothelial cell formation was initially more active on the VS than on the AS, but these cells subsequently increased in number across the luminal surface. Future clinical studies might contribute clinically by confirming whether AS versus VS puncture results in different infection rates.

Effect of interprofessional education on cadaver dissection seminar.

In 2010, WHO published a "Framework for action on interprofessional education and collaborative practice." Interprofessional education (IPE) is now being conducted in various ways. We have been holding cadaver dissection seminars to provide opportunities for medical students, nursing students, and nurse practitioner (NP) students to learn together. In this study, we investigated the effect of learning about IPE in cadaver dissection seminars. The seminars were held for 5 days each in 2021 and 2022 (the number of days of participation was arbitrary). In the seminars, teams of 3-5 participants with the same theme collaborated to dissect a single donated cadaver. Teams were made up of participants with different departments: 29 medical students, 12 NP students, and 20 nursing students participated in the seminar, and participants were surveyed before and after the seminars. The Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale (RIPLS) scores before and after the dissection seminar increased significantly overall. The scores of medical and nursing students increased significantly, but those of NP students did not significantly change. In terms of the number of days of participation, a significant increase in scores was found for participants who participated for ≥ 2 days. Overall, a significant positive correlation was found between intrinsic motivation to learn and RIPLS scores. For medical students, a significant negative correlation was noted between extrinsic motivation and RIPLS scores. Cadaver dissection seminars conducted by medical, nursing, and NP students demonstrated IPE learning effect on medical students and undergraduate nursing students.

Positional relationship between lacrimal sac and skull base: implication of risk of cerebrospinal fluid leakage during dacryocystorhinostomy.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage is a rare but severe complication during dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR). Understanding the details of the anatomy of the lacrimal drainage system and skull base is essential to avoid this complication. We examined the positional relationship between the lacrimal sac and skull base using 16 cadavers (22 sides) and using computed tomographic images taken in 81 patients (81 sides). Consequently, the frontal sinus intervened between the lacrimal sac and skull base in 81.8-90.1% of cases. The lacrimal sac fundus and posterior lacrimal crest were far from the skull base/cribriform plate, and the skull base above the lacrimal sac was considerably thick. These results indicate that the risk of skull base injury and consequent CSF leakage during DCR is extremely low. However, surgeons should be cautious of this complication by indirect injury due to a twisting movement of a bone rongeur applied to the maxillary bone during creation of a bony window in patients with no interposition of the frontal and ethmoid sinuses between the lacrimal sac and skull base.

Relationship between attachment site of tibialis anterior muscle and shape of tibia: anatomical study of cadavers.

BACKGROUND: Tibialis anterior (TA) muscle is the largest dorsiflexor of the ankle joint and plays an important role during gait movement. However, descriptions of the TA attachment site are inconsistent even among major anatomy textbooks, and its origin, especially the attachment site for the tibia, has not been reported in detail. This study is the first experimental attempt to investigate the origin of the TA in detail, paying particular attention to the relationship with the shape of the tibia, including sex differences. METHODS: Forty legs (20 males, 20 females) from twenty Japanese cadavers were examined. Gross anatomical examination of the TA's attachment site to the tibia and the tibia's shape was performed. RESULTS: The location of the distal end of the TA's attachment on tibia was significantly more distal in males than in females (p < 0.01). The anterior border of the tibia had a gentle S-like curve, with a medially convex curve in the proximal region and a laterally convex curve in the distal region in frontal plane. The most protruding point of the distal curve of the anterior border located significantly more proximal in females than in males (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: There were sex differences in the distal end of the attachment site on tibia of the TA and the shape of the tibia. Consequently, the variations in the attachment site of TA were considered to provide for differences in function of TA. In males, the TA may enable advantageous power exertion, whereas in females it may work efficiently for dorsiflexion of ankle, respectively. Sex differences in TA's attachment site and the shape of the tibia may be involved in gait movement as well as frequency of lower leg disorders such as chronic exertional compartment syndrome.

Short-term high-fat and high-carbohydrate diets increase susceptibility to liver injury by inducing hepatic procoagulant and proinflammatory conditions with different balances.

OBJECTIVES: High-fat diet (HFD) and high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) are strongly linked to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. The mechanism of pathologic progression from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, which is a more severe form associated with inflammation and fibrosis, remains poorly understood. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate and compare the inflammatory and coagulative state of the liver in short-term HFD- or HCD-fed mice with acute liver injury induced by concanavalin A (Con A). METHODS: Histopathologic evaluation, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemical evaluation were performed on the liver of mice fed HFDs and HCDs for 4 d before and after Con A administration. RESULTS: The liver of the HFD-fed mice had larger fibrinogen/fibrin depositions than those fed the HCD. HCD induced the expression of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α in the liver. Moreover, the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines was further enhanced after Con A stimulation in HCD (e.g., interleukin-1α, interleukin-6 at 1 h), with a strong tendency for inflammatory cell infiltration also found (24 h). CONCLUSIONS: Short-term HCD and HFD increased susceptibility to liver injury. HCD tended to induce more intense inflammation, whereas HFD tended to induce more intense hypercoagulation, suggesting that HCD and HFD may have different mechanisms of pathologic progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

Site-specific mechanical properties of the human great saphenous vein: Cadaveric comparisons among the thigh, knee, and lower leg harvest sites.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to determine site-specific mechanical properties of the great saphenous vein (GSV) harvested from various sites in the same cadaver. METHODS: GSV samples were harvested from three sites: the thigh, knee, and lower leg. The thickness and diameter of the samples were measured, and the tensile test was performed to measure stiffness and Young's modulus. RESULTS: The stiffness of the GSV harvested from knees in the longitudinal direction was lower than those from other sites, whereas the stiffness of the GSV harvested from the lower leg in the circumferential direction was lower than that from the thigh. CONCLUSIONS: The GSV has site-specific mechanical properties. Thus, in addition to morphological evaluations such as echo and computed tomography in preoperative graft surgical evaluations, knowledge of the mechanical properties at each site can improve the patency rate and prevent aneurysmal expansion.